A Liminal Presence: Sikhs In America

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The history of Sikhs in America, it may appear to some, is bookended by violence directed at them.

News of the shooting on August 5 at a gurudwara in Oak Creek, Wisconsin, reverberated throughout the United States and beyond. It is reported that the gunman, Wade Michael Page, was an army veteran, had a tattoo commemorating 9/11, and played with white supremacist bands. His motives remain unclear: some argue that ‘hate crimes’ need no motive as such, as they feed upon a visceral fear of the Other, though many have speculated that Page mistook Sikhs for Muslims.

Mainstream American media organisations, such as CNN and Fox News, wasted little time in characterising Page as an anomaly to ‘peaceful, mainstream America’, and deplored the shooting as a ‘tragic mistake’ perpetrated ‘against the peaceful Sikh community’.

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Al Qaeda in Somalia Recruits Somali Students in Pakistan

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In a recent plot, two Somali students were recruited from Karachi to carry out suicide attacks in Europe

Groups linked to Al Qaeda in Somalia are using the international terror network to recruit Somali students in Pakistan and train them to carry out terrorist attacks in Europe, security analysts fear.

“Al Qaeda plans to move from their conventional base in the Afghanistan and Pakistan region to more vulnerable African countries”

Al Qaeda chief Dr Ayman Al Zawahiri announced the merger of Somali terrorist group Al Shabab with his organization on February 10 this year, to create Al Qaeda in East Africa, or AQEA.

“They plan to move from their conventional base in the Afghanistan and Pakistan region to more vulnerable African countries,” said Carl Adams, a counterterrorism expert based in Dubai.

In early 2012, hundreds of fighters from the Middle East and Pakistan left Somalia, apparently to help defend Al Qaeda territory in Yemen, where a new president is likely to use his popular mandate and American support to mount an offensive against the international terrorist network.

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Cross-border attack repulsed; nine militants dead

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TIMERGARA: Nine militants were killed and 13 others injured when security forces repulsed a cross-border attack in Dir Lower tribal region on Thursday.
According to official sources, a large number of militants intruded into Pakistan from Afghanistan shortly before sunset and attacked a security check-post near Teripao Kandao.

A gunbattle between the attackers and security personnel took place which continued for over half an hour, the sources said, adding there were no casualties among troops.

However, two security personnel died when a landmine exploded near the border area.

The report could not be confirmed from independent sources.According to a recent report of ISPR, there have been more than 70 such attacks by militants during the past two years in which several security men lost their lives.

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Militant outfit claims responsibility

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Even as the Islamic Movement, a militant group, has claimed responsibility for yesterday’s assassination of a retired Deputy Superintendent Police (DSP ), investigators say they are looking at various angles into the killing.

An unidentified gunman had shot dead retired DSP Abdul Hamid Bhat on the outskirts of Srinagar at the Tengpora locality yesterday.

“Though prima facie it looks that the retired DSP was killed by militants, we are looking at various possibilities, which also include the criminal angle,” said a police officer privy to the investigations.

A little-known militant outfit, the Islamic Movement had claimed responsibility for the killing of the retired police officer.

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Happiness for Sale ?

http://urdutahzeeb.net/sociology/artcles/happiness-for-sale-3

S A Sagar

If money can’t buy true love, at least it can pay for a nice dinner out. But what about happiness? Many scholars studying happiness agree that it cannot: growing incomes don’t make happiness grow. Now there is some evidence that this time-honored conclusion could be wrong. Recent analyses of polling data on life satisfaction across the world suggest that countries may indeed become happier as they grow richer.

Previous theories have suggested that consumers will be happier if they spend their money on experiences such as travel as opposed to material possessions such as automobiles. We test this experience recommendation and show that it may be misleading in its general form. Valence of the outcome significantly moderates differences in respondents’ reported retrospective happiness with material versus experiential purchases. For purchases that turned out positively, experiential purchases lead to more happiness than do material purchases, as the experience recommendation suggests. However, for purchases that turned out negatively, experiences have no benefit over (and, for some types of consumers, induce significantly less happiness than) material possessions. We provide evidence that this purchase type by valence interaction is driven by the fact that consumers adapt more slowly to experiential purchases than to material purchases, leading to both greater happiness and greater unhappiness for experiential purchases.

The economic growth-doesn’t-buy-happiness argument is also known as the Easterlin paradox for the economist Richard A. Easterlin. In 1974, he published research suggesting that despite stellar economic growth in the United States since World War II, “higher income was not systematically accompanied by greater happiness.” Mr. Easterlin later found that people were no happier in Japan in 1987 than in 1958, despite a fivefold jump in incomes. Other economists found similar patterns in other countries.

This conclusion confounds a core economic belief that underpins a lot of policy-making around the world: that economic growth is an effective way to increase well-being. Some economists and psychologists suggest this thinking, unexpected if not downright ungrateful, might be due to adaptation. As people become richer, they raise their expectations — becoming envious of a new, richer crowd.

Recent research, however, suggests there might not be a paradox after all. Using many polls that span several decades, Justin Wolfers, a professor at the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania, found that in many countries, growing incomes have been accompanied by increasing happiness.

This is not to say the hippies were wrong. Many other factors, including how we use our time and the quality of our relationships, affect happiness. Moreover, the correlation between rising incomes and increasing happiness is much more striking in poor countries — where even a marginal improvement in the quality of life stands out — than in rich ones.

Any challenge to the Easterlin paradox is likely to be disappointing to those of us in search of scientific backing for the urge to drop out of the rat race and play the guitar. It is reassuring to find that effective policies to improve economic growth and boost the incomes of the less fortunate would make their lives not only easier but apparently also happier.

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